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Neste notebook, você vai aprender a usar a API PaLM, que oferece acesso aos modelos de linguagem grandes mais recentes do Google. Aqui, você vai aprender a usar os recursos de geração de embeddings da API PaLM e conferir um exemplo do que é possível fazer com esses embeddings.
Configuração
Primeiro, faça o download e instale a biblioteca Python da API PaLM.
pip install -U google-generativeai
import numpy as np
import google.generativeai as palm
Obter uma chave de API
Para começar, crie uma chave de API.
palm.configure(api_key='PALM_KEY')
O que são embeddings?
Embeddings são uma técnica usada para representar texto (como palavras, frases ou parágrafos inteiros) como uma lista de números de ponto flutuante em uma matriz. Esses números não são aleatórios. A ideia principal é que textos com significados semelhantes tenham embeddings parecidos. Você pode usar a relação entre eles para muitas tarefas importantes.
Geração de embeddings
Nesta seção, você vai aprender a gerar embeddings para um texto usando a função palm.generate_embeddings da API PaLM. Veja uma lista de modelos que oferecem suporte a essa função.
for model in palm.list_models():
if 'embedText' in model.supported_generation_methods:
print(model.name)
models/embedding-gecko-001
Use a função palm.generate_embeddings e transmita o nome do modelo, bem como um texto. Você vai receber uma lista de valores de ponto flutuante. Comece com uma consulta "O que os esquilos comem?" e ver como duas strings diferentes estão relacionadas a ele.
x = 'What do squirrels eat?'
close_to_x = 'nuts and acorns'
different_from_x = 'This morning I woke up in San Francisco, and took a walk to the Bay Bridge. It was a good, sunny morning with no fog.'
model = "models/embedding-gecko-001"
# Create an embedding
embedding_x = palm.generate_embeddings(model=model, text=x)
embedding_close_to_x = palm.generate_embeddings(model=model, text=close_to_x)
embedding_different_from_x = palm.generate_embeddings(model=model, text=different_from_x)
print(embedding_x)
{'embedding': [-0.025894878, -0.02103396, 0.003574992, 0.00822288, 0.03276648, -0.10068223, -0.037702546, 0.01079403, 0.0001406235, -0.029412385, 0.01919925, 0.0048481044, 0.070619866, -0.013349887, 0.028378602, -0.018658886, -0.038629908, 0.056883123, 0.06332366, 0.039849922, -0.085393265, -0.016251814, -0.025535949, 0.0049480307, 0.048581485, -0.11295683, 0.033869933, 0.015498774, -0.07306243, 0.000857902, -0.022031788, -0.005298939, -0.08311722, -0.027091762, 0.042790364, 0.023175264, 0.011238991, -0.02432924, -0.0044626957, 0.05167071, 0.023430848, 0.027325166, -0.01492389, -0.018770715, -0.003783692, 0.040971957, -0.044652887, 0.033220302, -0.05659744, -0.055191413, -0.0023204528, -0.043687623, 0.030044463, -0.015966717, -0.04318426, 0.015735775, -0.038352676, -0.005009736, -0.03289721, 0.016246213, -0.005696393, -0.0010992853, -0.02768714, -0.03534994, -0.045970507, 0.05784305, -0.026696421, -0.013302212, 0.007055761, -0.05885901, 0.03330113, 0.04399591, 0.020755561, 0.0028288597, 0.037333105, 0.0103595415, -0.01942964, 0.033088185, 0.009558319, -0.06524442, -0.07101354, -0.053975347, -0.003952934, -0.11641813, -0.039488368, -0.0033782825, -0.017735159, 0.03198736, 0.014555729, 0.050724585, -0.07849815, -0.0070436746, 0.017992217, -0.003975652, -0.0039650565, 0.08063971, -0.011685766, -0.018323965, 0.007763516, 0.012011537, 0.028457757, -0.099603206, 0.0328822, 0.0063217366, 0.051288057, 0.060445003, -0.007725884, -0.0033487668, -0.02697037, -0.04471915, 0.014793467, 0.0029390613, -0.04365732, -0.036976494, 0.05571355, -0.034228597, 0.05610819, 0.0016565409, 0.06461147, 0.012197695, -0.029221235, 0.015400638, 0.009992722, -0.0126949195, 0.027302667, 0.04309881, 0.013308768, -0.034253325, -0.028620966, 0.0032988666, 0.008901495, 0.0051033413, 0.08693829, -0.035939537, -0.00014025549, -0.0021354076, 0.043875773, -0.057092454, 0.0048032254, 0.04456835, -0.01337361, 0.018620204, -0.0037525205, 0.018113593, -0.0024051766, -0.006519982, 0.043426506, -0.028869089, -0.07003764, -0.027043046, -0.047674373, -0.036566455, -0.029664699, 0.054604772, 0.056459025, 0.016209831, 0.06588335, 0.07294827, -0.07351654, -0.050157, 0.05211485, -0.02302033, 0.022877783, 0.013553745, -0.019406103, -0.0058154585, 0.0373227, 0.0052685454, 0.02164789, -0.019631775, -0.015719362, -0.06862338, 0.021698158, -0.013781832, 0.06955018, -0.023942512, -0.018029014, -0.018007774, -0.0059923544, -0.02771734, -0.0019507131, -0.069619514, 0.054189045, 0.0021985532, -0.01132558, 0.015128105, 0.015424623, -0.038302787, -0.038970694, 0.044268098, 0.015156813, 0.030262465, -0.0010455108, -0.032175235, -0.03357542, -9.529959e-05, 0.062028274, -0.10134925, -0.009874221, 0.051682726, -0.022124732, 0.010147164, -0.012185555, 0.03731382, -0.00059438165, -0.017981028, -0.070909515, 0.02605233, 0.06992509, 0.026033426, -0.023944097, -0.047794044, 0.0204043, 0.025562089, -0.01985736, -0.027300185, 0.029983355, -0.0821883, -0.018791717, -0.004772287, -0.02490102, -0.010111937, 0.050968856, 0.029660473, 3.4716293e-05, -0.017517656, 0.023977743, 0.022549666, 0.04181301, 0.007500569, -0.0019229053, 0.023285722, -0.010899088, -0.004949611, -0.012531907, 0.041027624, -0.004620342, -0.013926477, -0.020054528, 0.026111232, -0.06232942, 0.09978252, -0.044156674, 0.061204664, 0.007044644, -0.0027112814, 0.04620226, 0.006134901, 0.03983195, -0.009853767, 0.0137631735, -0.07085734, 0.009606741, -0.008636412, 0.050337072, 0.045284208, -0.0032710661, -0.016086245, 0.008386805, -0.007903436, 0.0350885, 0.0025110857, 0.04684593, 0.12780859, -0.038998656, -0.029157333, -0.029113598, 0.0074333544, 0.05532698, -0.034412585, -0.00013683736, -0.020530468, 0.06506163, 0.0019480588, 0.0030335467, -0.018495142, -0.054084025, 0.023021378, -0.010500294, -0.007759436, -0.020039978, -0.017755102, 0.0006766737, 0.014525485, -0.026014434, 0.002474586, -0.027173916, 0.0093613025, 0.0058087856, 0.0006998545, 0.04791365, -0.04368597, -0.015235596, 0.0069595333, 0.009612967, -0.0009247106, 0.033619776, -0.00649697, -0.04766721, 0.0391879, -0.010284179, -0.006610166, -0.0020641836, -0.05440346, -0.007050968, -0.015853178, -0.031741284, -0.02172385, 0.03021658, -0.0012069787, 0.050265886, 0.04510601, -0.024716277, -0.05543306, -0.06419837, -0.014273427, -0.023703339, 0.0017521745, -0.056149185, 0.0069642677, 0.0065768356, 0.035255834, 0.039023213, 0.016403731, 0.025051782, 0.00695039, -0.05579997, 0.013183741, 0.08474835, -0.012680079, 0.0041794777, 0.02355896, -0.07197163, 0.024911461, -0.018766653, 0.025204346, 0.0048066434, 0.04904056, 0.016669538, -0.037882168, -0.021643393, 0.0053031743, -0.031009668, -0.016543044, -0.020345997, -0.005761681, -0.0743119, -0.02601627, -0.023271384, -0.07075993, -0.0029876109, 0.0066218525, -0.061091717, 0.032953493, 0.03662513, 0.010290128, 0.05418312, -0.03828874, 0.03312786, -0.014862627, -0.03720938, 0.018570531, -0.020742243, 0.048026983, 0.005438336, 0.020241424, -0.04405181, 0.030792728, 0.033958763, -0.023588262, 0.037658524, 0.010072951, 0.0064869304, 0.019048406, -0.06919818, -0.017083945, -0.016801478, 0.0027415873, 0.008172279, 0.0019755305, -0.057162683, -0.0053946367, 0.0014972482, -0.033361986, -0.0033606717, 0.03242665, 0.072544955, 0.02279949, -0.046871353, -0.06308129, 0.029209439, 0.011341486, 0.032790348, -0.020073028, -0.0044093695, 0.08292041, -0.03140556, 0.009308279, -0.004211382, -0.052444175, 0.0180874, 0.008575959, -0.0013550716, -0.07186043, 0.028372435, 0.024996122, 0.027749002, 0.016944503, -0.014632978, -0.06674174, -0.043031745, -0.044137582, 0.03530514, 0.030504197, 0.060496386, -0.06423886, 0.012235539, -0.05830343, -0.015868725, 0.041861057, 0.027080601, -0.014182999, -0.028095996, 0.0016349283, 0.010679886, 0.048808616, -0.058294244, -0.010633062, -0.056791265, -0.027161647, -0.030019993, -0.010299281, -0.03821823, -0.016588321, -0.0059704296, -0.053497788, 0.05661912, 0.005010262, -0.020186698, -0.03151958, -0.07490499, 0.045715272, -0.03747153, 0.02902543, 0.015007152, -0.01799195, 0.0079564275, -0.028715475, -0.018788284, -0.041037183, 0.012932907, -0.0072463937, -0.0046510296, 0.052094106, 0.047214568, -0.05604256, 0.006124289, -0.06112983, -0.028900363, -0.0033062366, -0.016411366, -0.03985708, -0.005927899, 0.027991273, -0.034023542, 0.0023991684, 0.020010024, 0.014298016, 0.017212953, 0.002652654, -0.08308305, 0.01726592, 0.013845524, 0.0065021385, 0.0364733, 0.020361774, 0.09685079, 0.04039578, 0.016480403, -0.08329836, -0.06590067, 0.00012861127, -0.055775307, 0.0065172235, -0.018937778, -0.021399701, 0.0004559998, -0.0097613875, -0.003239602, 0.0041429265, 0.059930306, -0.01656465, 0.018544743, -0.03232914, 0.006037772, -0.06402926, 0.05761484, -0.02093143, 0.018229362, 0.024098346, 0.025045564, -0.009451666, -0.010259512, 0.006660359, -0.029620942, -0.03495546, -0.06783166, -0.03193859, -0.04261954, 0.027878316, 0.023951625, 0.016354026, -0.0015310713, -0.05785183, -0.04868827, -0.06779814, -0.09212996, 0.04355289, 0.02634198, 0.045933742, -0.012108333, -0.017381534, 0.012251423, 0.035591044, 0.05024221, 0.056855064, 0.0101336455, -0.009532219, -0.054251555, 0.034745548, 0.020292252, 0.033525895, -0.040225316, -0.00015249893, -0.07806101, 0.0075722514, 0.015309747, 0.022623314, 0.06536824, 0.064232446, -0.01557734, -0.04813796, -0.013913105, 0.020742541, 0.060864896, -0.056623433, 0.057601452, -1.6570028e-05, 0.010925783, 0.0036125665, 0.032784764, -0.0801319, -0.048450164, 0.06296668, 0.02989288, -0.011754737, -0.0010066505, -0.05441974, -0.017106231, -0.04285682, -0.005424776, -0.028312048, -0.0022843084, -0.02028908, -0.007416978, 0.016722959, 0.03343588, -0.049168676, 0.003828647, 0.043084797, -0.011436926, -0.017679023, -0.012748326, -0.015104218, 0.008225339, -0.005965197, -0.010827806, -0.015990732, 0.031933613, 0.01862576, -0.013171726, 0.007987761, -0.018449496, 0.041906953, -0.020788714, 0.03404006, -0.00086082605, -0.007771558, 0.023855729, -0.00295711, -0.0085285455, -0.0556957, -0.005321175, -0.018151492, -0.011129989, -0.05183511, 0.0053123147, 0.009127998, -0.011530388, 0.009631709, 0.0041047884, -0.0353711, 0.052883077, -0.01532676, 0.03040235, 0.008731032, -0.00441319, 0.01950203, 0.014064995, 0.03141337, 0.018041868, 0.059427522, 0.048374873, -0.019928444, -0.004559623, 0.021962427, -0.08567552, -0.007796494, 0.033520035, 0.009779213, 0.05753526, 0.010492746, -0.039363436, -0.103733934, -0.024229618, 0.0062162466, -0.017748242, 0.005122951, -0.055344906, -0.010650967, 0.0309389, -0.073542334, -0.014872006, -0.003081951, 0.016437916, -0.0040901243, 0.0018574661, 0.03331834, 0.005815743, 0.022556618, 0.076257, -0.0065593896, -0.026774084, -0.016839791, 0.008689688, -0.015184644, 0.0073800148, -0.018499345, -0.036080927, 0.053406574, 0.015944907, -0.014478417, -0.021485219, -0.018035412, -0.038147416, 0.014293582, -0.021055873, 0.0314314, -0.07782329, 0.015536577, -0.031045694, 0.059434652, -0.020065695, 0.052754566, -0.08380041, 0.06855744, 0.012167185, -0.015827801, 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-0.013629232, -0.03840216, 0.06655019, 0.009643849, 0.025085986, -0.018909356, -0.011246176, -0.05254555, -0.06776485, -0.02931862, 0.014850466, 0.029691922, -0.04090594, 0.0544204, 0.01552631, 0.02912549, -0.0020693596, 0.038805272, -0.009980787, 0.031122748, -0.05562063, 0.021108221, 0.0103203785, 0.044171233, 0.009732269, -0.0011330071]}
Agora que você criou os embeddings, vamos usar o produto escalar para ver como close_to_x e different_from_x estão relacionados ao x. O produto escalar retorna um valor entre -1 e 1 e representa a proximidade com que dois vetores se alinham em termos de direção. Quanto mais próximo o valor estiver de 0, menor será a semelhança com os objetos (neste caso, duas strings). Quanto mais próximo o valor estiver de 1, mais semelhantes eles são.
similar_measure = np.dot(embedding_x['embedding'], embedding_close_to_x['embedding'])
print(similar_measure)
0.7314063252924405
different_measure = np.dot(embedding_x['embedding'], embedding_different_from_x['embedding'])
print(different_measure)
0.43560702838194704
Como mostrado aqui, o maior valor do produto escalar entre os embeddings de x e close_to_x demonstra mais semelhança do que os embeddings de x e different_from_x.
O que é possível fazer com embeddings?
Você gerou seu primeiro conjunto de embeddings com a API PaLM. Mas o que é possível fazer com essa lista de valores de ponto flutuante? Os embeddings podem ser usados para uma ampla variedade de tarefas de processamento de linguagem natural (PLN), incluindo:
- Pesquisa (documentos, web etc.)
- Sistemas de recomendação
- Clustering
- Análise de sentimento/classificação de texto
Veja exemplos aqui.